The service robot industry is developing rapidly. Laser ranging module is a core component of the robot, and its reliability directly affect the performance of the whole machine. Based on the working environment of service robot, this paper studied the operating characteristics of laser ranging modules, and established the universal environmental reliability model and test evaluation method of ranging modules. Taking ranging accuracy as the research object and the reliability evaluation factor Rs as the evaluation merit, the general expression of the reliability function for ranging modules was proposed. The environmental reliability test and quantitative evaluation of the ranging accuracy of five types laser ranging module samples were carried out with the self-built ranging accuracy test platform. Evaluation results showed that the Rs value of only one sample was less than 1, which indicated that its environmental reliability level was high, the Rs values of the other four samples were greater than 1 after the waterproof, dustproof and salt spray tests, which showed the phenomenon of inaccuracy or failure and exposed the weak parts in the design and application of the products. The test and evaluation results further verified the universality and feasibility of the environmental reliability model and its quantitative evaluation method.