The optical radiation temperature measurement is of great importance in the field of characterizing the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of combustion field temperature due to its advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution and wide temperature measurement range. The testable space in the combustion chamber of the solid rocket motor is limited, and the three-dimensional temperature field reconstruction method based on multi line of sight projection is ineffective due to light obstruction. To address this problem, the object image spatial mapping relationship model between the combustion cross-section and the image plane is formulated based on the Fourier optics theory. A dynamic radiation tomography thermometer with the integrated opto-mechatronics is designed, which achieves multiple image sensors sharing the same optical axis and being able to synchronously focus on combustion cross-sections at different spatial positions. The experimental results show that, by convolution and deconvolution processing of the combustion radiation sampling data of solid propellant strips in a certain type of windowed combustion chamber, the stackable combustion sections can be separated from each other in the direction of the optical axis of the instrument. The relative error of temperature measurement is less than 8% in the process of measuring the temperature distribution of the separated combustion sections using Planck′s radiation law based on the calibration of the photoelectric signal relationship. This instrument analyzes the dynamic three-dimensional combustion temperature field in a tomographic way on a single projection.