The geometric state of the catenary is a crucial factor in ensuring the safety of traction power supply and the quality of current collection in high-speed railway systems. Understanding the fundamental characteristics of static and dynamic geometric parameters within the catenary system is vital for accurately interpreting them in both static and dynamic detection contexts. However, dynamic detection poses challenges due to factors such as vehicle posture changes, elastic deformation of the track surface, dynamic lifting of the contact wire, and environmental disturbances. Research efforts are concentrated on understanding the mechanisms behind hybrid error formation and developing compensation methods for detecting catenary geometry under dynamic conditions. This involves breaking down, tracking, and identifying hybrid errors within the complex interactions between the track, vehicle, and catenary, as well as environmental influences. The study examines the characteristics of vehicle posture errors and their representation models, taking into account the elastic deformation of the track surface, the dynamic lifting of the contact wire, and wind-induced responses. It further elaborates on compensation techniques for dynamic geometric errors in the catenary system, considering the combined effects of wheel-rail interaction, pantograph dynamics, and wind field forces. The goal is to uncover the processes of error generation, propagation, compound formation, and evolution during dynamic geometric detection of the catenary system under dynamic conditions. This research provides a theoretical foundation for controlling composite errors in dynamic geometric detection of high-speed catenary systems, aiming to scientifically and effectively improve China′s catenary system detection capabilities and ensure the high-quality maintenance of the system.